 BOOKER T. WASHINGTON
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BOOKER T. WASHINGTON
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Booker T. Washington was born a slave in Franklin County, Virginia. His mother Jane was a cook for the plantation. He was biracial*, but he never knew his white father. He grew up in a small log cabin with a dirt floor. Each night a "pallet" was put on the floor for sleeping. Sometimes to feed her childen, Jane would take a chicken or eggs from the master's flock and cook them during the night.
His clothing was made of flax* which would prick the skin like needles until the shirt had been worn for about six weeks. Once his brother John offered to wear Booker's shirt until it was softer. His first pair of shoes had wooden soles and coarse leather tops.
One of his duties as a boy was carrying sacks of corn to the mill on the back of a horse. If a sack fell off, he might wait for hours for someone to come along and replace it on the horse's back.
One day the slaves were all called to the house of their owner, James Burroughs. A paper was read to them telling them they were now free. His step-father, who earlier had gone to West Virginia, sent a wagon to bring Booker and his family to their new home. The trip took about ten days.
After the move, his mother took a young orphan into the family. Now there were four children; James B., who was the new brother, Booker, John, and Amanda.
His step-father, who worked in the salt mines, got jobs for Booker and John in the salt mines. Sometimes they worked in the coal mines.
Mr. William Davis opened a school for colored children. Booker's parents permitted him to attend if he worked before and after school. He worked from 4:00 AM to 9:00 AM in the mines, then went to school half a day. After school he went back to the mines.
He said his first day at school was the happiest day of his life. When the teacher asked his name he said, "Booker". All the other children gave a first and last name, so Booker chose to take the name "Washington", his step-father's first name, as his second name. He later learned from his mother he did have a second name; Taliaferro.
He soon had to drop out of school to work full time in the coal mine. However, his mother found him another job as a houseboy for the family of General Lewis Ruffner. General Ruffner's wife was very strict with Booker. Once he ran away and started working as a waiter for a steamboat captain, but he didn't know how to be a waiter and failed at the job. He returned to Mrs. Ruffner and she took him back. She arranged for him to get some schooling.
He proved his trustworthiness* to her by selling fruit and vegetables to the miners and carefully accounting for all the money he received. He found being honest always had its reward. He stayed with Mrs. Ruffner four years and came to regard her as one of the best friends he ever had.
He heard about the Hampton Institute in Virginia, a school for black boys and girls. He determined to go to the school. He got as far as Richmond and spent a few days there sleeping under a plank sidewalk at night and loading a ship during the day to earn money to buy food.
He arrived at Hampton Institute and the lady principal told him to sweep a room for her. He knew it was a test. He swept and dusted the room three times until not a speck of dirt remained. He was accepted into the school. He would work as the assistant janitor to pay for his room and board at the school.
His mother Jane died while he was at home for vacation during the summer. It was a very sad time for him.
Miss Nathalie Lord, one of his teachers at Hampton, gave him lessons in elocution* or public speaking. These lessons would prove vital to his success later on.
After graduation he returned to his hometown, Malden, and became a teacher at the first school he ever attended. In the day school he had a class of 80-90 students. He also taught night classes and two Sunday schools. He encouraged several of his students to attend Hampton Institute. He also sent his brother John and adopted brother James to the school.
General Armstrong, the principal at Hampton, invited Booker to return to the school as a teacher and a post-graduate student. He taught a night class for students who had to work during the day. He also taught a class of 75 Indian boys.
Mr. George Campbell, a prominent white man in Tuskegee, Alabama, wanted to start a school for black children in that town. General Armstrong recommended Booker for the position. The state legislature would give $2000 a year for the school. He started having classes in an old church and a run-down building. When it rained, one of the taller students would hold an umbrella over the teacher's head to keep him dry.
He was able to purchase farmland eventually totaling over 2,000 acres on which to build the school.
He married Fannie Smith and they had a daughter, Portia. Within the year Fannie passed away and did not get to see Portia grow up nor see the school succeed.
Tuskegee Institute 1916
All students at the school were required to work in addition to their academic* studies. They chopped trees, cleared land, made bricks, built furniture, and constructed buildings. Classes were started to teach trades and professions.
Booker T. Washington was an eloquent speaker and used this skill for the benefit of Tuskegee Institute. The school continued to grow.
Booker married again. Olivia Davidson, assistant principal of the school, was his wife for four years and mother to two sons before she too passed away. Four years later he married Maggie Murray, a teacher at Tuskegee.
Booker T. and his son Davidson picking greens in the garden
The Washington home in TuskegeeIn 1895 he was invited to give a speech at an Exposition in Atlanta. In it he urged blacks and whites to work together. Afterward Harvard University gave him an honorary degree.
Friends gave money for Booker and his wife to visit Europe where they had tea with Queen Victoria.
The school flourished. George Washington Carver came to teach agricultural* science. People of wealth took an interest in the education of blacks. Andrew Carnegie helped.Booker T. Washington, more than any other black man of his time, helped to elevate his people through education.
Facts for this story were taken from The Booker T. Washington Papers
Photograph of Booker T. and his son was found in a book "Booker T. Washington, The Master Mind of A Child of Slavery" 1915.
A frequent question: "Who wrote this biography and when was it written?" Look on this Reference Citations Chart.
Up From Slavery
Booker T. Washington autobiography online
My Own Books
personalize an online story about Booker T. Washington
by inserting your name in the story
Booker T. Washington Papers
University of Illinois Press
Booker T. Washington
from Wikipedia
Booker T. Washington
at Spartacus.schoolnet
Booker T. Washington, Legends of Tuskegee
The Booker T. Washington Era
Tuskegee Institute
The Slave Trade
British History 1700-1930
Booker T. Washington, The Master Mind of a Child of Slavery
Online book by Frederick E. Drinker
Unsung Heroes
Online book by Elizabeth Ross Hayes, Booker T. Washington, page 63
Biography of a Slave
online book by Charles Thompson
W.E.B. DuBois Critiques Booker T. Washington
(You may want to increase text size for easier reading.)
Booker T Washington
By Carole Marsh / Gallopade International
This series correlates to state and national standards, teaching students about important people, places, and events in history! These readers are broken into short easy to read information reinforced by simple activities. Each reader includes a glossary, interesting facts, reading, puzzles, highlights of achievements, sequencing of important events, and simple math activities! 12 pages each. Grades K-4.
Booker T. Washington Reader
By Carole Marsh / Gallopade International
Delve into the lives of some of the most famous and influential people to come out of the 50 States of America. This activity book is concise and informative summary of Booker T. Washington's life, and contains a variety of activities, including crosswords, fill in the blanks, scrambled words, codes, connect the dots, and more that help you learn about the "Educator and Reformer". A glossary and pop quiz are included as well. 12 pages, paperback.
Booker T Washington Biography FunBook
By Carole Marsh & Sherry Moss(Editor) / Gallopade International
Everyone's favorite way to learn about America's most important citizens! Easy-to-read information, facts, trivia, humor and activities are all included in Biography Funbooks! Discover what Booker T. Washington spent his life accomplishing after his release from slavery. Ages 7-12. 14 pages, paperback.
Up From Slavery, audiobook on CD
By Booker T. Washington / Tantor Media Inc.
The history of the African in America has often been personalized or embodied within one individual, one spokes-person who represented the sentiments of the moment. In the South of the 1890s, Booker T. Washington stood as the often controversial personification of the aspirations of the black masses. The Civil War had ended, casting an uneducated black mass adrift or, equally tenuous, creating a class of sharecroppers still dependent on the whims of their former owners. Black Reconstruction, for all its outward trimming, had failed to deliver its promised economic and political empowerment. While an embittered and despairing black population sought solace and redemption, a white citizenry systematically institutionalized racism. From this Armageddon rose this Moses, Booker Taliaferro Washington, who was born in 1856 in Virginia, of a slave mother and a white father he never knew. But he gave no indication in his autobiography of the pain this almost certainly caused him: "I do not even know his name. I have heard reports to the effect that he was a white man who lived on one of the nearby plantations. But I do not find especial fault with him. He was simply another unfortunate victim of the institution which the nation unhappily had engrafted upon it at that time." After Emancipation, Washington began to dream of getting an education and resolved to go to the Hampton Normal Agricultural Institute in Virginia. When he arrived, he was allowed to work as the school's janitor in return for his board and part of his tuition. After graduating from Hampton, Washington was selected to head a new school for blacks at Tuskegee, Alabama, where he taught the virtues of "patience, thrift, good manners and high morals" as the keys to empowerment. An unabashed self-promoter (Tuskegee was dependent upon the largesse of its white benefactors) and advocate of accommodation, Washington's "pick yourself up by your bootstraps" and "be patient and prove yourself first" philosophy was simultaneously acclaimed by the masses, who prescribed to self-reliance, and condemned by the black intelligentsia, who demanded a greater and immediate inclusion in the social, political, and economic fabric of this emerging nation. Washington's philosophy struck a chord that played like a symphony within the racial politics of the times. It gave a glimmer of hope to the black masses; it created for whites a much-needed locus for their veneer of social concern-funds flooded into Tuskegee Institute; and finally, the initiatives of the black intelligentsia, led by W. E. B. Du Bois, were, for the moment, neutralized. Washington "believed that the story of his life was a typical American success story," and he redefined "success" to make it so: "I have learned that success is to be measured not so much by the position that one has reached in his life as by the obstacles which he has overcome while trying to succeed." His powerfully simple philosophy that self-help is the key to overcoming obstacles of racism and poverty has resonated among African Americans of all political stripes, from Marcus Garvey to Louis Farrakhan. Unabridged. 7 hours, 30 minutes. 8 CDs. Read by Norman Dietz.
From Word Central's Student Dictionary
by Merriam - Webster
(Pronunciation note: the schwa sound is shown by ə)
biracial
Pronunciation: (')bI-'rA-shəl
Function: adjective
having biological parents of two different ethnic identities
flax
Pronunciation: 'flaks
Function: noun
a slender plant with blue flowers that is grown for its fiber
from which linen is made and for its seed
from which oil and livestock feed are obtained;
also : its fiber
trustworthy
Pronunciation: 'trəst-"wər-[th]E
Function: adjective
deserving confidence : dependable
elocution
Pronunciation: "el-ə-'kyoo-shən
Function: noun
1 : a style of speaking especially in public
2 : the art of effective public speaking
academic
Pronunciation: "ak-ə-'dem-ik
Function: adjective
of or relating to school or college
agricultural
Pronunciation: "ag-ri-'kəlch-(ə-)rəl
Function: adjective
1 : of, relating to, or used in agriculture (farming)
2 : engaged in or concerned with agriculture
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