 GUTZON BORGLUM
Sculptor, Mount Rushmore
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GUTZON BORGLUM
Sculptor, Mount Rushmore
|
John Gutzon Borglum (jon GUT suhn BORG luhm) was born March 25,1867 into a Mormon* family which practiced polygamy* . His father had two wives, but when he decided to not be a Mormon anymore he discarded Gutzon's mother, and the boy was raised, along with eight other children in the family, by his step-mother. He had an unhappy childhood and tried to run away numerous times.
He moved to California and studied art, then he went to study in London and Paris. He chose sculpture as the medium for expressing himself. Returning to America in 1901, he completed many important projects in the next ten years. He decided Americans would be receptive to large massive works and started looking for a project site.
His first attempt was at Stone Mountain in Georgia. He attempted to carve a large mural in the side of the mountain to commemorate* the Confederacy* , but he only partially completed it.
Leaders from South Dakota were looking for a tourist attraction to bring revenue to the state and contacted Borglum about carving some faces on Mount Rushmore in the Black Hills of their state. They suggested regional heroes, but Borglum told them it would be better to use national heroes, so they settled on presidents George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln.
Mount Rushmore
Larger viewHe told his 12-year-old son, Lincoln, "Nothing but the Almighty can stop me from completing this task."
Borglum made a model of the figures before he started. One inch on the model represented one foot on the finished sculpture; a 1-to-12-inch scale. You will notice that more of the body and arms are shown in the original model. You can still see this model today when you visit the Sculptor's Studio at Mount Rushmore.
Model for Mount Rushmore
Larger viewSenator Peter Norbeck became his ally* and helped him raise money for the project. Norbeck invited the president, Calvin Coolidge, to visit the site and convinced him to arrange for the government to pay part of the cost. Borglum hired local men to do the work and trained them.
In about a year the face of Washington was finished and dedicated, then came the Depression* . Times were hard and money was scarce. It seemed this project too was doomed to incompletion.
Mary, his wife, was a source of constant encouragement to him. She cared for their two children and helped to manage the money to get them through the difficult times.
After a year and a half work resumed on the mountain. Borglum turned over much of the supervision to his son Lincoln, then 21 years old.
In 1936 the face of Jefferson was unveiled with President Franklin D. Roosevelt in attendance. He spoke of the "permanent importance" of the monument.
"I am allowing an extra three inches on all the features of the various Presidents in order to provide stone for the wear and tear of the elements, which cuts the granite down one inch every hundred thousand years. Three inches would require three-hundred thousand years to bring the work down to the point that I would like to finish it. In other words, the work will not be done for another three hundred thousand years, as it should be." Gutzon Borglum /Through the years the faces continued to emerge. When Borglum died unexpectedly on March 6, 1941 at the age of 73, most of the work had been finished. It would be up to his son, Lincoln to do the cleaning up and the finishing of the collars and shoulders of the figures.
The carving of Mount Rushmore had taken fourteen years and had cost $989,992.32, slightly less than $1 million.
The Aviator
Photo by Einar Einarsson Kvaran
Larger viewBorglum's fame was somewhat overshadowed by the creation of the Mount Rushmore monument . People remember him for that work, but other famous works by Borglum include:
The Aviator, shown on the left,
Mares of Diomedes
John Campbell Greenway statue located in the Capitol
Abraham Lincoln bust in Washington D.C.
General Sheridan in Washington D.C.
Collis B. Huntington statue in West Virginia
Seated Lincoln and Wars of America in Newark, New Jersey
Indian and Puritan in Newark
John Ruskin
John Mackay statue in Reno, Nevada
Wounded Confederate Soldier in North Carolina
Borglum also made the remodeled torch for the Statue of Liberty and created the statues of the twelve Apostles for the Cathedral of St John the Divine in New York City.
He is credited with making sixty gargoyles * for the buildings at Princeton University. The university has printed a book about them. Click on the word "Gargoyles" to look at the PDF version and see the drawings of them.
Gutzon Borglum is buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California. His wife Mary lived until 1955, and she was also buried alongside him there."There may be some confusion over his burial site because apparently there was a government resolution that became law that stated Borglum was authorized to be buried at Mount Rushmore. The family did not know if he really wanted to be buried there and they were not sure if provisions were made for his wife to be buried with him at Mount Rushmore so they accepted a request that he be buried in California. He had also left notes regarding his love for the state."
Source: Cindy S. Drake, Library Curator, Statewide Cemetery Registry Coordinator, Nebraska State Historical Society
A frequent question: "Who wrote this biography and when was it written?" Look on this Reference Citations Chart.
The American Experience: Gutzon Borglum
Transcript of the film Mount Rushmore
(Students may want to increase the text size.)
Gutzon Borglum
at Wikipedia
Penny Postcards
South Dakota
Gutzon Borglum
information at answers.com
Construction of Mount Rushmore Video
Gutzon Borglum Timeline
Our Georgia History
Mount Rushmore National Memorial
National Park Service
Gutzon Borglum
brief biography
Gutzon Borglum
Idaho State Historical Society
Great White Fathers
book preview at Google books
Mount Rushmore
By Grolier Publishing Company
Mount Rushmore is one of the most imposing monuments in the United States, but it took a long road to create it. Overcoming its remote location, the Great Depression and lack of funds, and the death of both the original sculpter and his son and grandson, leaving a grand, yet still technically unfishished testament to American greatness. 32 pages with timeline and index, softcover.
America the Beautiful: A Patriotic Coloring Book
By Ideals Publications Inc
Children of all ages will discover important places in America as they color their way through this patriotic coloring book. Some of the pictures included are the Smithsonian Museum, the Liberty Bell, the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, Mount Rushmore, the U.S. Capitol, and the White House.
Across the USA Fun Kit
By Dover
An entertaining, educational coast-to-coast "stay-cation" for kids! Brimming with fun facts and engaging activities, this stars-and-stripes collection includes the United States Coloring Book featuring cool information about each state; Historic American Landmarks coloring book picturing the Statue of Liberty, Mount Rushmore, and 28 other prominent sites; more than 120 puzzles, mazes, crosswords, and more; an 11" x 17" poster; and crayons.
Mount Rushmore
By Lola M. Schaefer / Heinemann Raintree
From Word Central's Student Dictionary
by Merriam - Webster
Mormon
MOR mun
Function: noun
a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 and accepting the Book of Mormon
polygamy
pə LIG ə me
Function: noun
relating to marriage in which a spouse has more than one mate at one time
commemorate
kə MEM ə rAt
Function: verb
to call to remembrance or to be a memorial of
Confederacy
kən FED (ə) rə sE
Function: noun
the Confederate States of America made up of the
11 southern states that seceded from the U.S. in 1860 and 1861
ally
AL i
Function: noun
one associated or united with another for some common purpose
Depression
dih PRESH ən
Function: noun
a time in American history when there was
low general economic activity and widespread unemployment
gargoyle
GAR goil
Function: noun
a waterspout in the form of a strange or frightening human
or animal figure sticking out at the roof or eaves of a building
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